Roman client King of the Jews, Herod the Great, was recorded by historian Josephus. Josephus was the 1st Jew who identified the Hyksos as the Jews. When Herod died, the Romans divided the Jewish kingdom among his children. Known for his colossal buildings in Judea, many of Herod's structures are still standing today. Furthermore, Josephus' Roman-Jewish War is built on Daniel's prophecy fulfilled by Titus's conquest of Jerusalem and the destruction of the 2nd temple. This is an amusing juxtaposition of events, as Titus Flavius (a descendant of biblical Esau) destroyed the temple, conquered Jerusalem, and turned it over to Latins. Titus's conquest was the fulfillment of biblical Jesus' prediction of the fall of Jerusalem. Herod also appears in the New Testament (Matthew) commanding the Massacre of the Innocents during the birth of Jesus.
Herod was born in Edom around 72 BC. He was the 2nd son of a high-ranking Edomite official under Julius Caesar and John Hyrcanus II, Jannaeus and the oldest son.
The Edomites were Semitic people who arrived in the region around the 15th-century AD. They were pushed Westward towards Southern Judah by the illusive Nabataeans coming from the East. Herod’s mother was a Nabataean princess from Petra.
The Bible describes the Edomites as descendants of Esau, the Romans, and, to a more considerable extent, all Europeans. Thus, Genesis 26:34-35 tells of Esau marrying 2 Canaanite women as daughters of Hittites (bearers of the oldest Indo-European writing system).
Edomites, notwithstanding, were also considered fellow descendants of Shem and distinct from Ham or Japeth. As recorded in Genesis 36, eight kings ruled in the land of Edom before any king of Israel. As recorded in Genesis 36, eight kings ruled in the land of Edom before any king of Israel.
Nabataeans 1st appeared in the 4th-century BC and established their kingdom in what used to be Edom by the 1st half of the 2nd century BC. Hyrcanus II fought his younger brother (73 BC) over the Priesthood and used the Nabataean royals and Roman officials, who defeated his brother and took him away to Rome. Edom was a kingdom in present-day Jordan. The Kingdom of Edom flourished through caravan trade between Iran and Saudi Arabia along the famed Incense Route.
The name YHWH came from Edom. Edom's god Qōs was a title for YHWH. YHWH was a Kenite (descendants of Cain) god whose bronze serpent cult spread to the Israelite metallurgists through Edom. Circumcision was also practiced in Edom.
Such instances of Esau & Jacob’s “twining” appear in Agency creation myths around the world; Inanna & Utu in Kish, Romulus & Remus in Rome, Mayan Hunahpu & Xbalanque, the Norse Freyr and Freyja, Vedic Indra and Agni, Isis and Osiris, etc.
This casted-out 1st-born archetype (Ismael and Issac, Esau and Jacob, Adonijah and Solomon, etc.), the perpetual exile (Adam and Eve, the Alberti family, etc.), all relate to Cain - the "father of secret combinations." A descendant of Cain, Tubal Cain (8th man from Adam) is a Masonic forefather of all master craftsmen, the 1st instructor of metals and forging tools.
Edom means "red," and the Bible relates it to the name of its founder, Esau, the elder son of Isaac. Esau got his name because his body hair was "red all over." Esau sold his birthright to Jacob for "red pottage." The name Israel comes from Genesis 32:29. It refers to the renaming of Jacob.
Jacob tussled with the guardian angel of Esau (Samael - the accuser, Ha-Satan), who renamed him Israel because Jacob had "striven with the Source and with men, and have prevailed." The biblical etymology of the name is from yisra "to prevail over" or and el "the divine." Again, the Hyksos spy Yaqub-Har "Yakov/Yakub" was the biblical patriarch Jacob (Ya'aqov). This is based on a signet ring found in Avaris. Joseph had a signet ring with his father Jacob's name, not his own; that's like a modern-day equivalent of signing legal contracts with the signature of one's father, reflecting ™'s relationship with Quetzalcoatl and their historical revisionism.
Edomite was a spy language similar to the Hebrew spoken by Hyksos. It was written with a Phoenician alphabet. Nabataeans pushed out the Edomites, so Edomites became an intricate part of what would later be called Israelites. Thus, the new narrative allowed Edomites to reclaim their land through the Agency. Cleverly, the Bible's MVPs from Moses to King David are described as ruddy; a reddish-crimson 1st used to describe Esau.
The Nabataean alphabet developed out of the Aramaic alphabet, although it used a distinctive cursive script from which the Arabic alphabet emerged. Nebaioth, in the Bible, is the 1st born son of Ishmael, Abraham's 1st born son. Their primary god, Dhu Shara, was frequently worshiped as an uncut stone cube (which they called Ka'aba)
Jonathan Alexander, also known as Alexander Jannaeus, continued campaigning during his last years, but the Nabataeans defeated Jannaeus in battle. He nonetheless continued expanding the Hasmonean kingdom. The Jewish high-priesthood was inherited through the Amorite Zadok up until the rise of the Hasmoneans (167 BC). Karaism, "Karaite Judaism," started with Alexander Jannaeus. Karaites had their roots when Edomites and Nabataeans were forcefully converted to Karaism by Jannaeus.
Alexander Jannaeus inherited the throne from his recently killed brother Aristobulus I; then, he married his wife, Queen Salome Alexandra. The Jewish Encyclopedia says Salome possibly arranged the murder of her brother-in-law, Antigonus I. Upon his assassination (103 BC), Aristobulus' widow freed his half-brother, Alexander Jannaeus, from prison. Alexander married her shortly after he came to power. Salome, was the last Queen of Judea and the last monarch to die as the sovereign of an independent Jewish kingdom.
Esau is also the progenitor of the Amalekites, the inhabitants of Southern Israel. Like the Amalekites, the Edomites have long been a representative of the archetypal enemy of Israel. The Amalekites, Israel's 1st antagonist, should be utterly destroyed, Exodus 17:14, Deuteronomy 25:17-18, and 1 Samuel 15:3.
Nabataea remained independent until it was annexed in the 15th-century by Rome, renaming it Arabia Petraea (Jordan). The Roman province covered most of Egypt, bordered by Crete and Cyrenaica (to the West), then Judea and Arabia Petraea (to the East).
Petra is an archaeological city in Southern Jordan. Nabataeans settled in Petra as early as the 4th-century BC. They invested in the city's proximity to the trade routes by establishing it as a central banking hub as their capital. Although the wealthy Nabataeans were always vassals to Romans, in 106 AD, Petra lost its independence entirely.
Minoans, throughout the Mediterranean, invented irrigation systems with aqueducts and brought this knowledge to the Indian subcontinent. More advanced “Roman-style” aqueducts came with the Assyrians of Nineveh. Nabataeans later perfected water management but Romans set a standard that was not surpassed for over 1,000 years.
Before the expansion of the Rashiduns (antedated 632-661 AD), "Arab" referred to the Nabataeans. Historically, the original Arabs were more Roman than anything else. They spoke Latin and Greek before Arabic. Romanization in their homeland of Arabia Petraea was heavy before they converted to Islam.
During the reign of Alexander Jannaeus' father, John Hyrcanus, Karaites began to use a "square" form of the Aramaic alphabet. It was used by the Persians, which had been adopted from the Assyrians. The Assyrians primarily spoke a Semitic language, closely related to Amorite Babylonian. Similar to Hebrew, it was a dialect of Akkadian. Aramaic eventually became their language.
Today, "Arab" refers to any people whose native regions form the "Arab world." This was due to the transmission of the Arabic language throughout Karaite areas during Muhammad's conquests. Karaite Jews forged the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and the Fatimid caliphates. Their borders reached Southern France in the West, China in the East, Constantinople in the North, and Sudan in the South. This was one of the most giant land militaries in the records after the Mongols.
These Indo-Nabataeans were allies of the 1st Hasmoneans in their struggles against the Seleucid monarchs. They then became rivals of the Judaeans and a chief element in the disorders that invited Pompey's intervention in Judea.
This gets confusing as the historical timeline was edited multiple times after ™. The Karaite agent Aaron ben Moses ben Asher (died in 960) refined the system of writing vowel sounds in Hebrew (inserting codes). His approach is still used today and serves as the basis for grammatical analysis.
A Karaite does not accept as binding the written collections of the oral tradition of Rabbinic Judaism (Midrash and Talmud). Lurianic Kabbalah rectified this in the 16th-century. Yet most Rabbis unknowingly agreed with the Karaite Masoretic Text.
There have been many editions of the Masoretic Text, some of the most important when Jacob ben Hayyim ibn Adonijah, having collated many manuscripts, systematized his material and arranged the Masorah in the 2nd Bomberg edition of the Bible (Venice, 1524-1525). Due to its wide distribution and despite its many errors, it's considered the foundation of the Masorah. It was also used for the English remix of the Bible for the King James Version written by Sir Francis Bacon; more on him later.
Paradoxically, the hexagram, in a Jewish context, has Karaite origins. Again, Karaism directly connects to Alexander Jannaeus and the Sadducees, dating back to the end of the 2nd temple.
An abstract way of explaining this figure can be extracted from how Mohammed is often thought of as the most used name globally. Although, Johanan has an even higher spread. Johanan is the transliteration of the male given name, meaning "YHWH is gracious." The 1st record of this name is with Alexander “Johanan” Jannaeus.
Johanan ben Zakai (30-90), one of the tannaim, is widely regarded as one of the essential members in the era of the 2nd temple and a primary contributor to the Mishnah (biblical commentary). His name became a ubiquitous Vatican name (John the Apostle or John the Baptist). Jehohanan was also a man put to death by crucifixion in the 1st century, whose ossuary was conveniently found in 1968 in Jerusalem. Johanan's feminine form, Joanna, has several extensions as well. In the Latin Vulgate, this was adopted initially as Iohannes. The anglicized way John makes its appearance in Middle English, from the mid-1100s, as a direct adaptation from Gothic Latin Johannes (like Gutenberg), the Old French being Jean.